This article is a summary of Chapter 4.7 of Rust Course (course.rs/)

Global Variables Initialized at Compile Time

Static Constant

Static constants are global constants that can be used anywhere in the program, regardless of the scope in which it is defined, since the lifecycle of a constant is always 'static. However, different references to the same constant do not guarantee the same memory address.

const MAX_ID: usize = usize::MAX / 2;
fn main() {
    println!({MAX_ID});
}

Here are a few things to note about static constants:

1. We use const instead of let to define a constant

2. Type annotations for constants cannot be omitted

3. A constant must be assigned to a specific value or an expression that can be evaluated at compiler time.

4. There cannot be duplicate constant names

Static Variable

Static variables are global variables that can be accessed throughout the program. A static variable must be accessed and mutated in unsafe block, since it is unsafe especially in multithreading. A static variable must be defined as a value known in compile time, and the value must implement Sync trait. Any references to a static variable always yield the same memory address.

static mut REQUEST_RECV: usize = 0;
fn main() {
    unsafe {
        REQUEST_RECV += 1;
    }
}

Atomic Type

If we want to use a static variable safely in multithreading, we can apply atomic types:

use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
static REQUEST_RECV: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
fn main() {
    for _ in 0..100 {
        REQUEST_RECV.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
}

Here an example global ID generator with global variables mentioned above:

use std::sync::atomic::{Ordering, AtomicUsize};

struct Factory {
    factory_id: usize,
}

static GLOBAL_ID_COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
const MAX_ID: usize = usize::MAX / 2;

fn generate_id() -> usize {
    let current_val = GLOBAL_ID_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
    if current_val > MAX_ID {
        panic!("Factory ids overflowed");
    }
    GLOBAL_ID_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    let next_id = GLOBAL_ID_COUNTER.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
    if next_id > MAX_ID {
        panic!("Factory ids overflowed");
    }
    next_id
}

impl Factory {
    fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            factory_id: generate_id()
        }
    }
}

Global Variable Initialized at Runtime

Lazy_static

The global variables above can only be initialized at compile time. However, sometimes we want to initialize global variables at runtime, such as creating a global Mutex lock. In this case, we can use macro lazy_static:

use std::sync::Mutex
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
lazy_static! {
    static ref NAMES: Mutex<String> = Mutex::new(String::from("Sunface, Jack, Allen"));
}

fn main() {
    let mut v = NAMES.lock().unwrap();
    v.push_str(", Myth");
    println!("{}", v);
}

lazy_static can also be used to load a global configuration that is initialized only after the program starts. Here's an example of implementing a global cache with lazy_static:

use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use std::collections::HashMap;

lazy_static! {
    static ref HASHMAP: HashMap<u32, &'static str> = {
        let mut m = HashMap::new();
        m.insert(0, "foo");
        m.insert(1, "bar");
        m.insert(2, "baz");
        m
    };
}

fn main() {
    println!("The entry for 0 is {}", HASHMAP.get(&0).unwrap());
    println!("The entry for 1 is {}", HASHMAP.get(&1).unwrap());
}

In the code above, HASHMAP is initialized only when it is first invoked at the first line in main method.

Box::leak

Box::leak returns a variable with a 'static lifecycle. It can be used for reassignment of static variable. It is not permitted to reassign a global variable to a value of a local variable, since the local variable has a shorter lifecycle. However, we can achieve this with Box::leak.

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Config {
    a: String,
    b: String
}

static mut CONFIG: Option<&mut Config> = None;

fn main() {
    let c = Box::new(Config {
        a: "A".to_string(),
        b: "B".to_string()
    });

    unsafe {
        CONFIG = Some(Box::leak(c));
        println!("{:?}", CONFIG);
    }
}

Using Box::leak, we can also return a global cariable from a function:

#[derive(Debug)]
struct Config {
    a: String,
    b: String
}

static mut CONFIG: Option<&mut Config> = None;

fn init() -> Option<&'static mut Config> {
    let c = Box::new(Config {
        a: "A".to_string(),
        b: "B".to_string()
    });
    Some(Box::leak(c))
}

fn main() {
    unsafe {
        CONFIG = init();
        println!("{:?}", CONFIG)
    }
}